Invisalign, a San Jose company, uses 3D printing to make each mouthful of customized, transparent braces. Mackenzies Chocolates, a confectioner in Santa Cruz, uses a 3D printer to pump out chocolate molds. And earlier this year, Cornell University researchers used a 3D printer, along with injections of a special collagen gel, to create a human-shaped ear.
Once
a science-fiction fantasy, three-dimensional printers are popping up
everywhere from the desks of home hobbyists to Air Force drone research
centers. The machines, generally the size of a microwave oven and
costing $400 to more than $500,000, extrude layer upon layer of plastics
or other materials, including metal, to create 3D objects with moving
parts.
Users are able to make just about
anything they like: iPad stands, guitars, jewelry, even guns. But
experts warn this cool innovation could soon turn controversial -
because of safety concerns but also the potential for the technology to
alter economies that rely on manufacturing.
"We
believe that 3D printing is fundamentally changing the manufacturing
ecosystem in its entirety - how and where products are made and by
whom," said Peter Weijmarshausen, CEO of New York-based Shapeways, an
online company that makes and sells 3D printed products designed by
individuals. Products include a delicate, twig-like egg cup (cost:
$8.10) and a lamp that looks like a nuclear mushroom cloud (cost:
$1,388.66).
"We're on the verge of the next
industrial revolution, no doubt about it," added Dartmouth College
business professor Richard D'Aveni. "In 25 years, entire industries are
going to disappear. Countries relying on mass manufacturing are going to
find themselves with no revenues and no jobs."
On
ground, sea or air, when parts break, new ones can be made on the spot,
and even the tools to install them can be made, eliminating the need
for staging parts in warehouses around the world, said Jeff DeGrange,
vice president of Direct Digital Manufacturing at Stratasys Inc.,
currently the industry leader in a field of about 50 3D printer
companies.
"We're going to see innovation
happening at a much higher rate, introduction of products at a much
higher rate," said DeGrange. "We live in an on-demand world now, and
we'll see production schedules are going to be greatly compressed."
Airplane
mechanics could print a replacement part on the runway. A dishwasher
repairman could make a new gasket in his service truck. A surgeon could
print a knee implant custom-designed to fit a patient's body.
But the military, D'Aveni said, is likely to be among the first major users of 3D printers, because of the urgency of warfare.
"Imagine
a soldier on a firebase in the mountains of Afghanistan. A squad is
attacked by insurgents. The ammunition starts to run out. Is it worth
waiting hours and risking the lives of helicopter pilots to drop it near
you, or is it worth a more expensive system that can manufacture
weapons and ammunition on the spot?" he said.
In
the past two years, the U.S. Defense Department has spent more than $2
million on 3D printers, supplies and upkeep, according to federal
contract records. Their uses range from medical research to weapons
development. In addition, the Obama administration has launched a $30
million pilot program that includes researching how to use 3D printing
to build weapons parts.
NASA is also wading
into this arena, spending $500,000 in the past two years on 3D printing.
Its Lunar Science Institute has published descriptions of how it is
exploring the possibility of using the printers to build everything from
spacecraft parts while in orbit to a lunar base.
While
the U.S. is pursuing the military advantages of 3D printing, it's also
dealing with the potential dangers of the technology. On May 9, the
State Department ordered a group to take down online blueprints for a 3D
printable handgun, and federal lawmakers and some state legislatures
are contemplating proposals to restrict posting weapons plans in the
future.
Since 2007, when these printers first
entered the mainstream marketplace, sales have grown by 7.2 percent each
year, according to IBIS World, a company that tracks the industry.
Sales are projected to jump from about $1.7 billion in 2011 to $3.7
billion in 2015.
Cliff Waldman, a senior
economist at the Manufacturers Alliance for Productivity and Innovation,
a group that promotes the role of manufacturing in global economies,
said it's still too soon to know exactly what impact this 3D technology
could have on more traditional manufacturing. However, he doesn't
envision it changing the "fundamental shape" of manufacturing, as others
suggest.
"I think 3D has the capacity to
impact both products and processes," he said. "I am not ready to say
that it is completely disruptive, however. It might be in a few narrow
industries."
Starting in June, office supply
chain Staples plans to be the first major retailer to supply 3D printers
with "the Cube," a plug-in device that uses 16 colors and costs $1,299.
And in September the smallest and cheapest 3D printer on the market - a
printing pen priced from $50 - is due to start shipping. Similar to a
glue gun, the 3Doodler plugs into the wall and is filled with cylinders
of plastic that come out of a 518-degree Fahrenheit tip. Once the
plastic leaves the pen it cools and hardens.
Makers
Peter Dilworth, an inventor at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, and Maxwell Bogue, a toy maker, first pitched their pens
earlier this year on a website for startup projects. They sought $30,000
and wound up collecting $2.3 million from more than 26,000 investors,
who each got one of the 3D pens. Four artists who teamed up with the men
have used the pens to make a mini Eiffel Tower, earrings and butterfly
pendants.
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